Banking Finance

Poor credit bank accounts are available to be opened for those who are bankrupt. These bank accounts are not available in the traditional high street banks, instead they are opened up and available direct for you to open.

Poor Credit Bank Accounts- How different they are from the traditional bank accounts?

Bankruptcy is legal financial status applicable to those individuals who are unable to repay their debts, due to their lack of funds. The traditional banks are reluctant to open the current and savings accounts of these bankrupts in their banks. If ever they open up the accounts of the bankrupts in their banks, they provide no other facilities with the account, which may generally come with a normal bank account. Hence, opening up bad credit current accounts or savings accounts with these traditional banks are useless.

Unlike these traditional banks, the monetary firms providing poor credit bank accounts have facilitated all the items attached with a normal bank account.

Poor Credit Bank Accounts- The Features

These poor credit bank accounts have the following features attached to them.
Each of these bank accounts come with MasterCard® that may be used to draw money from the ATMs and like a debit card, can be used online or in a shop to purchase goods or service.
Pay-in online or at any RBS branches across the country.
You will also be given a personal sort code and the bank account number for your poor credit bank account.
Set up Direct Debits or Standing Orders
Internet banking facility allows access to your bank account 24/7
SMS balance updates or amend regular payments by text

How to apply for the poor credit bank accounts?

There are many monetary firms that open up these types of bank accounts. You may contact them online for opening these accounts. You will have to fulfill certain easy terms and conditions to open these accounts. You may also contact them individually for any specific questions you have regarding setting this basic bank account.

Bank Charges are one of the major sources of income for banks. All banks impose charges on certain failed transactions e.g. a bounced cheque, exceeding overdraft limits, returned direct debits etc. Indeed, banks are allowed to impose charges that reflect the amount of work undertaken by administrative staff in certain situations such as customers going into the red or handling a cheque which cannot be cleared due to insufficient funds in the account. If a cheque or direct debit has to be returned, the bank can charge for the cost of this process. However, any such charge must be reasonable. Banks who regularly impose hefty charges between £25.00-35.00 on a customer who is £1.00 overdrawn cannot be said to be acting fairly. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) declared that these charges were unfair and unreasonable. It is a scandal and many have called it daylight robbery. Banks when asked to produce documents justifying the charges have failed to do so. However, it is likely that the banks will have gathered some ammunition to produce at the High Court in the test case on bank charges in January 2008. The test case relates only to current accounts and not business accounts. The brutal truth is that unfair bank penalty charges have been imposed on millions of people. It has been a merciless punishment on people who may have simply overlooked their current account status or had a late payment of wages. Excessive charging has resulted in many people getting into debt which also has drastic consequences in credit ratings.

The High Court will no doubt be asked to consider whether the charges are fair. The penalties which can be imposed, and which no doubt may be in the individual contract between customer and bank, relate to a range of services following troublesome banking. However, the OFT’s investigation confirmed that banks were imposing illegal and unfair charges. It is widely thought that the High Court will rule in favour of the customer.

Recent research has suggested that about 41 per cent of people do not know the interest rates applicable to an unauthorised overdraft. Many more have simply swallowed the hefty charges imposed on them without even a letter of complaint or fight. It is also worth noting that 19 per cent of people are always overdrawn. These surveys also show that overdraft charges of £4.7 billion were paid by 43 per cent of current account holders last year.

Credit Card / Store Card Charges

With the increasing popularity of advantages associated with credit cards and store cards, almost all banks and big store chains have come out with their own cards for people to shop, withdraw cash and purchase online. The British enjoy paying by plastic and the trend to purchase on credit will continue for quite some time. However, there is a price to pay for such short term financial cushion. Credit card companies and banks charge grossly handsome penalties when customers fail to make their minimum repayments by the due date. Many card providers charge annual fees in the subsequent years although there may have been a waiver of such a fee in the previous year. High interest rates are also imposed when someone goes beyond the allowed limit.

The Office of Fair Trading found that the charges imposed on credit charges were also unfair and unreasonable. It was a long battle but the victory was an important one for the consumer. Credit card charges can be reclaimed and it is worth remembering that the High Court test case will only focus on bank current accounts and does not affect credit card or loan charges.

How to Claim them back

There is no doubt that these charges result in many people heading into more debt and finding themselves in a helpless position. Single parents, pensioners, students and hardworking people in general suffer greatly. The charges can add up very quickly over the years and can amount to thousands of pounds.

If you feel that you have been unfairly charged by your bank then you can claim yourself or seek some professional help. When trying to get the right amount of compensation it is always worth seeking guidance and allowing skilled representatives to handle the entire claims process. Dealing with bank letters and fighting for the correct compensation takes up time and effort. Such energies are often spent on earning a living and looking after the family.

People will often be told that a simple letter of complaint to a bank will get you the desired result. It is not always so straightforward. Some banks are familiar with standard complaint letters and will often reject complaints. Compliance officers are employed by banks to defend claims. Often, if the banks do decide to compensate, there may a payment as a ‘gesture of goodwill’. Accepting such offers is simply giving the bank the upper hand. Customers deserve to have all of their charges refunded with the proper interest.

The Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) which deals with rejected claims does not help on how to present a claim. How a case is put is very much down to the individual. The FOS will simply assess a claim on the arguments it is presented with. In such cases, it is always worth getting professional help when fighting large financial giants for compensation.

Claiming against your bank will not result in your account being closed. Under section 14 of The Banking Code, the Standards Board advised banks “to ensure that they do not make a disproportionate response to customers claiming back these ‘default’ fees and treat the customers sympathetically and positively.’

Furthermore, any threat to close an account would be contrary to the Financial Services Authority’s (FSA) principles on treating customers fairly (TCF).

Specialist organisations fearlessly fight on the behalf of the consumer to claim back excessive penalty charges. Complaint letters will be carefully drafted and may include legal precedents which help in the battle to get the right amount of money. The workload involved in tackling bank and credit card companies is substantial. Dealing with phone calls, rejection letters, drafting statements of claim, taking rejected claims to the FOS and calculating correct compensation is a meticulous process. Specialist compensation firms also have useful contacts such as Solicitors and Barristers who can assist and advise on any complex areas.

Such specialist firms also can help with all other types of unreasonable charges. As well as helping reclaim bank account charges for both current and business accounts for the last 6 years, there can also be claims for reclaiming credit card charges, mortgage exit fees, mortgage arrear fees, Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) and other penalty charges.

Most compensation specialists are registered with the Information Commissioner which means that they abide by Date Protection rules. This provides a safe secure environment for your confidential information and one can rest assured that information will not be passed to third parties without consent.

The majority of firms handling such claims for compensation operate on a no win no fee basis. If successful, the firms charge a percentage of the compensation won and this will or will not include VAT. These firms will only charge you for their services once they have successfully claimed back from the bank on your behalf. In the event that the firm fails to get back anything from the bank (though chances are very low) you will not be charged a single penny. There is nothing to lose and plenty to gain.

Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical Categories. Modern Interpretation

 

Scientific works in the theories of finances and credit, according to the specification of the research object, are characterized to be many-sided and many-leveled.

The definition of totality of the economical relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and usage of finances, as money sources is widely spread. For example, in “the general theory of finances” there are two definitions of finances:

1)            “…Finances reflect economical relations, formation of the funds of money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national receipts according to the distribution and usage”. This definition is given relatively to the conditions of Capitalism, when cash-commodity relations gain universal character;

2)            “Finances represent the formation of centralized ad decentralized money sources, economical relations relatively with the distribution and usage, which serve for fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and also provision of the conditions of the widened further production”. This definition is brought without showing the environment of its action. We share partly such explanation of finances and think expedient to make some specification.

First, finances overcome the bounds of distribution and redistribution service of the national income, though it is a basic foundation of finances. Also, formation and usage of the depreciation fund which is the part of financial domain, belongs not to the distribution and redistribution of the national income (of newly formed value during a year), but to the distribution of already developed value.

This latest first appears to be a part of value of main industrial funds, later it is moved to the cost price of a ready product (that is to the value too) and after its realization, and it is set the depression fund. Its source is taken into account before hand as a depression kind in the consistence of the ready products cost price.

Second, main goal of finances is much wider then “fulfillment of the state functions and obligations and provision of conditions for the widened further production”. Finances exist on the state level and also on the manufactures and branches’ level too, and in such conditions, when the most part of the manufactures are not state.

V. M. Rodionova has a different position about this subject: “real formation of the financial resources begins on the stage of distribution, when the value is realized and concrete economical forms of the realized value are separated from the consistence of the profit”. V. M. Rodionova makes an accent of finances, as distributing relations, when D. S. Moliakov underlines industrial foundation of finances. Though both of them give quite substantiate discussion of finances, as a system of formation, distribution and usage of the funds of money sources, that comes out of the following definition of the finances: “financial cash relations, which forms in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of the national wealth and total social product, is related with the subjects of the economy and formation and usage of the state cash incomes and savings in the widened further production, in the material stimulation of the workers for satisfaction of the society social and other requests”.

In the manuals of the political economy we meet with the following definitions of finances:

“Finances of the socialistic state represent economical (cash) relations, with the help of which, in the way of planned distribution of the incomes and savings the funds of money sources of the state and socialistic manufactures are formed for guaranteeing the growth of the production, rising the material and cultural level of the people and for satisfying other general society requests”.

“The system of creation and usage of necessary funds of cash resources for guarantying socialistic widened further production represent exactly the finances of the socialistic society. And the totality of economical relations arisen between state, manufactures and organizations, branches, regions and separate citizen according to the movement of cash funds make financial relations”.

As we’ve seen, definitions of finances made by financiers and political economists do not differ greatly.

In every discussed position there are:

1)      expression of essence and phenomenon in the definition of finances;

2)      the definition of finances, as the system of the creation and usage of funds of cash sources on the level of phenomenon.

3)      Distribution of finances as social product and the value of national income, definition of the distributions planned character, main goals of the economy and economical relations, for servicing of which it is used.

If refuse the preposition “socialistic” in the definition of finances, we may say, that it still keeps actuality. We meet with such traditional definitions of finances, without an adjective “socialistic”, in the modern economical literature. We may give such an elucidation: “finances represent cash resources of production and usage, also cash relations appeared in the process of distributing values of formed economical product and national wealth for formation and further production of the cash incomes and savings of the economical subjects and state, rewarding of the workers and satisfaction of the social requests”.  in this elucidation of finances like D. S. Moliakov and V. M. Rodionov’s definitions, following the traditional inheritance, we meet with the widening of the financial foundation. They concern “distribution and redistribution of the value of created economical product, also the partial distribution of the value of national wealth”. This latest is very actual, relatively to the process of privatization and the transition to privacy and is periodically used in practice in different countries, for example, Great Britain and France.

“Finances – are cash sources, financial resources, their creation and movement, distribution and redistribution, usage, also economical relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between the economical subjects, movement of cash sources, money circulation and usage”.

“Finances are the system of economical relations, which are connected with firm creation, distribution and usage of financial resources”.We meet with absolutely innovational definitions of finances in Z. Body and R. Merton’s basis manuals. “Finance – it is the science about how the people lead spending `the deficit cash resources and incomes in the definite period of time. The financial decisions are characterized by the expenses and incomes which are 1) separated in time, and 2) as a rule, it is impossible to take them into account beforehand neither by those who get decisions nor any other person”. “Financial theory consists of numbers of the conceptions… which learns systematically the subjects of distribution of the cash resources relatively to the time factor; it also considers quantitative models, with the help of which the estimation, putting into practice and realization of the alternative variants of every financial decisions take place”.

These basic conceptions and quantitative models are used at every level of getting financial decisions, but in the latest definition of finances, we meet with the following doctrine of the financial foundation: main function of the finances is in the satisfaction of the people’s requests; the subjects of economical activities of any kind (firms, also state organs of every level) are directed towards fulfilling this basic function.

For the goals of our monograph, it is important to compare well-known definitions about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate the finances, investments and credit into the one total part.

Some researcher thing that credit is the consisting part of finances, if it is discussed from the position of essence and category. The other, more numerous group proves, that an economical category of credit exists parallel to the economical category of finances, by which it underlines impossibility of the credit’s existence in the consistence of finances.

N. K. Kuchukova underlined the independence of the category of credit and notes that it is only its “characteristic feature the turned movement of the value, which is not related with transmission of the loan opportunities together with the owners’ rights”.

N. D. Barkovski replies that functioning of money created an economical basis for apportioning finances and credit as an independent category and gave rise to the credit and financial relations. He noticed the Gnoseological roots of science in money and credit, as the science about finances has business with the research of such economical relations, which lean upon cash flow and credit.

Let’s discuss the most spread definitions of credit. in the modern publications credit appeared to be “luckier”, then finances. For example, we meet with the following definition of credit in the finance-economical dictionary: “credit is the loan in the form of cash and commodity with the conditions of returning, usually, by paying percent. Credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital and expresses economical relations between the creditor and borrower”.

This is the traditional definition of credit. In the earlier dictionary of the economy we read: “credit is the system of economical relations, which is formed while the transmission of cash and material means into the temporal usage, as a rule under the conditions of returning and paying percent”.

In the manual of the political economy published under reduction of V. A. Medvedev the following definition is given: “credit, as an economical category, expresses the created relations between the society, labour collective and workers during formation and usage of the loan funds, under the terms of paying present and returning, during transmission of sources for the temporal usage and accumulation”.Credit is discussed in the following way in the earlier education-methodological manuals of political economy: “credit is the system of money relations, which is created in the process of using and mobilization of temporarily free cash means of the state budget, unions, manufactures, organizations and population. Credit has an objective character. It is used for providing widened further production of the state and other needs. Credit differs from finances by the returning character, while financing of manufactures and organizations by the state is fulfilled without this condition”.

We meet with the following definition if “the course of economy”: “credit is an economical category, which represents relations, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transmit money means to each-other for temporal usage under the conditions of returning. Creation of credit is conditioned by a historical process of fulfilling the economical and money relations, the form of which is the money relation”.

Following scientists give slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or commodity, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of returning and paying the percentage rate by the borrower”.

Credit is giving the temporally free money sources or commodity as a debt for the defined terms by the price of fixed percentage. Thus, a credit is the loan in the form of money or commodity. In the process of this loan’s movement, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is given by a juridical of physical person, who gives certain cash as a debt) and the debtor.

Combining every definition named above, we come to an idea, that credit is giving money capital of commodity as a debt, for certain terms and material provision under the price of firm percentage rate. It expresses definite economical relations between the participants of the process of capital formation. Necessity of the credit relations is conditioned, from one side, by gathering solid quantity of temporarily free money sources, and from the second side, existence of requests of them.

Though, at the same time we must distinguish two resembling concepts: loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

·         Here, the discussion may touch upon transmission of money and also things form one side (loaner) to another (borrower): a)under the owning of the borrower and, at the same time, b) under the conditions of returning same amount or same quantity and quality of the things;

·         The loaning of money may bear no interest;

·         Any person may take part in it.

With the difference with loan, credit, which is somehow a private occasion of the loan, represents:

·         One side (loaner) gives to the second one (borrower) only money, and _ for temporal usage;

·         It may not bear no interest (if the assignment doesn’t foresee something);

·         In it creditor is not any person, but a credit organization (at the first place, banks).

So, a credit is the bank credit. To our mind, it is not correct to use “credit” and “loan” as the synonyms.

Banking crediting is the union of relations between bank (as a creditor) and its borrower. These relations touch upon:

a)      Giving a certain amount of money to the borrower for definite purpose (though, we meet with the so-called free credits, aims and objects of crediting are not appointed in the assignment);

b)      Its opportune returning;

c)      Getting percentage rate from the borrower for using the sources under his/her disposal.

The essential foundation of the credit essence and its important element is existence of trust between the two sides (in Latin “credo”, from which comes the word “credit”, means “trust”).

From the position of circulation of money forms (in the abstraction, historical process of formation economical relations and social budget and banking systems expressed by them) comparing different definitions of finances and credit, the paradox conclusion appears: credit is the private occasion of finances. And truly, from the position of movement of the money forms, finances represent the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means. Very often such movements are fulfilled without returning, but sometimes, it is possible to give loans from the budget for the investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacture or corporations use their cash funds and we mean the finances of industrial subject, such usage may be realized as inside the manufacture or corporation (there is no subject about returning or not returning of the usage), so gratis under conditions of returning. This latest is called commercial form because of transmitting the sources to others, but even in this occasion, it is the element of financial system of the manufacture and corporation.

From the point of cash means movement, main character of credit is the process of formation and usage of the funds of cash means under the conditions of returning and, as a rule, taking the value-percentage. If gating the credit value doesn’t take place (even in the exceptional occasions), according to the movement form, credit becomes a private occasion of finances, as from the net financial funds (consequently from the state budget) the loans which bear no interests may be used. If gating credit value takes place, by the appearance form, credit is discussed to be financial modification.

From the historical point of view, finances (especially in the sort of the state budget) and credit (beginning with usury, later commercial and banking) were developing differently for considering credit to be the part of finances. Though, from the genetic-historical point of view, previous loaners, before giving loan, needed gathering the permanent capital not returning, that is the net financial foundation. The banks analogously needed concentration of the important own capital for influxing the consumers’ means and for getting higher percentage rate under the conditions of returning. Herewith, exactly on the financial basis, in the sort of financial fund (which later partially becomes loan fund) part of the bank capital appears to be the reservation (insurance) part of the fund, which by nature is financial and not loan. So notwithstanding the essential distinctions between finances and credit form the genetic-historical point of view, credit appears to be formed from finances and represent their modification.

From the essential position of expressing economical relations of finances and credit, we meet with cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Which mostly expressed by the distinction of the movement forms notwithstanding they are returnable or not. Finances express relations in the aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Credit expresses distribution of the appropriate value only in the section of percentage given for loan, while according to the loan itself, a only a temporal distribution of money sources takes place.

Herewith, there is a lot of common between the finances and credit as from the essential point of view, so according to the form of movement. At the same time, there is a significant distinction between finances and credit as in the essence, so in the form too. According to this, there must be a kind of generally economical category, which will consider finances and credit as a total unity, and in the bounds of this category itself, the separation of the specific essence of the finances and credit would take place.

Funding of the cash means is common to the researched economical categories. It takes place in any separate system of finances and credit, which have been touched upon during the analyses of defining finances and credit. Word combination “funding of the cash sources (fund formation)” reflects and defines exactly essence and form of economical category of more general character, those of finances and credit categories. Though in the in economical texts and practice, it is very uncomfortable to use a termini, which consists of three words. Also, “unloading” with an information hardens greatly its influxing into the circulation even in the conditions of its strict substantiation and thoroughness.

In the discussing context we consider:

1)      wide and narrow understanding of economical category of the finances;

2)      discussing finances in narrow understanding under general traditional meaning;

3)      discussing finances, as funding of the cash means, in wide understanding, which concerns finances – in narrow meaning and credit – in complete meaning.

Termini “funding” and its equivalent “fund formation” are used by us as the purposeful structuring of cash means, which is based on two poles – accumulation of money sources (gathering) and its usage for definite purpose in the way of financing and crediting.

We have established a new termini – “finance-investment sphere” (FIS). Analyses about interrelation of finances and credit made by us give us an opportunity of proving, that in the given termini, the word “financial” is used with the meaning of funding cash sources, its purposeful structuring. In this process we consider at the same time financial, credit and investments’ economical categories.

Let’s sum up middle results of discussing new concept – “finance-investment sphere” and discuss its investment consisting parts.

The concept “investments” was brought into the native economical science from the West. In the Soviet economical science they for a long time used in the place “investments” the termini “capital placement”, which expressed the usage of the industrial factors in the sphere of real industrial activities during realization of capital projects. From one glance, this termini in its concept is identical to the “investments”, consequently it is possible to use them as synonyms. Though the termini “investments” and “investing” have the advantage towards the termini “capital placement” from linguistic and philological points of view, because they are expressed with one word. This is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with the termini “investment” itself, but also it gives an opportunity of termini formation. More concretely: “investment process”, “investment domain”, “finance-investment sphere” – all these termini are much more acceptable.

Changing native economical termini with foreign ones is purposeful, if it really matters (by keeping parallel usage of the native termini for the inheritance). Though we must not change native economical termini into foreign ones all together, when by ordinal traditional language easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and elements get their own termini. The “movement” of these termini is approved in the narrow professional bounds, but their “spitting out” into the economical science may turn economical language into the tangled slang.

Let’s discuss termini – “investment” and “capital placement’s” usage in the economical literature.

Investments are placement of funds into the main and circulation capital for the purpose of getting profit. “Investments in material assets – are the placements of funds into the mobile and real estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are the placements of funds into the securities bank accounts and other financial instruments”.

We don’t meet with the termini “investments” in the earlier economical dictionary, but we meet the combined termini “investment policy” – the union of the industrial decisions, which guarantee main directions of the capital investments, the activities of their concentration in the determinant suburbs, on which the reaching of planned rates of development of the society production is depended, balancing and effectiveness, getting more and more production and profit of the national income for every lost Ruble”. For today, in the most actual definitions, the capital investments are bounded only by financial means, when not only financial, but also the investment of natural, material-technical and informational resources takes place. Labour resources take an actual place in the investment process. They themselves fulfill this or that investment process.

A positive side of the discussed definitions is that they connect investment policy and capital placements (investments):

-          economical development according to the key directions to the concentration;

-          providing high rates of economical growth;

-          raising an economical effectiveness, which is expressed:

a)      by growing the throw off of the production and national income for every lost Ruble;

b)      by fulfilling the branch structure of the investments;

c)      by improving their technological structure;

d)     by optimization of their further production structure.

Compared with such definition of the investments (capital placement) the definition of investments in the dictionary attaching the “Economics” seems to be unimproved: “investments  – the expenses of gathering production and industrial means and increasing material reserve”. In this definition current expenses (production expenses) are mixed with the investment (capital) expense. Also, not the investment expenses but (though the investments are followed by the appropriate expenses) exactly advancing. It differs from the expenses by that the means (means) are put by returning the advanced values, also, under the conditions of growth, to which the concept-advanced capital is corresponding. the advancing may be realized in the money, natural-material and informational forms.

Except the termini “investments”, there are two more termini related with the investment. They are shown below.

 “Human capital investment” – any activity provided for rising the workers labour productivity (in the way of growing their qualification and developing their abilities); at the expenses of improving the workers’ education, health and raising the mobility of the working forces”. It is very useful to use the mentioned termini, though it needs one correction: the human capital investments do not concern only workers, but also the servants, representatives of every kind of labour.

“Investment commodity, capital goods – a capital.”

In the official manuals of political economy of the reformation time the capital investments are discussed as “expenses for creating new main funds and widening, reconstruction and renewing the active ones”. In this definition the investments (capital placements) during separation of the forms (types) of further production of the main funds are bounded only by main funds (without increases of the circulation funds and insurance reserves): a) creating new ones; b) widening; c) reconstruction; d) renewing. Also, the concept of the industrial gathering appears, at the expenses of widening of basic, circulation funds and also insurance reserves takes place”.

You’ll meet below the definitions of investments from “the course of economy”: the investments are called “placements of fund into the basic capital (basic means of production), reserves, also other economical objects and processes, which request long-termed influxing of material and cash means. “According to the division of capital into physical and money forms, the investments too must be divided into material and cash investments”.

They apportion investment commodity, to which belong industrial and nonindustrial building objects, vehicles purposed for changing or widened technical park and the furniture, increasing reserves and others.

“They call the total investments of production an investment product, which is directed towards keeping and increasing the basic capital (basic means) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called the depreciation; it represents important investment resources for compensation of renewal till the level of before industrial usage, wearing out and repairing of the basic means. Second consisting part of the total investments is represented by net investments – capital investments for the purpose of increasing basic means”. Depreciation is not a compensation resource of wearing the basic funds out, but it is the purposeful financial source of such resources.

Human capital investment is “a specific kind of investments, mostly in education and health protection”.

“Real investments are the investments in the economical branches and also, they are kinds of economical activities, which provide influxing the increases of real capital, that is increasing material values of the industrial means”. We can agree with such definition with one specification that material and nonmaterial values too belong to the real capital (wealth), consequently science-researching experimental-construction results, various information, education of he workers and others. Such service as organization of the excitable games, also the service of redistribution social wealth from one private person to another (except charity).

“Financial investments represent placement of funds into the shares, obligations, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. Such investments, of course, do not give increases of the real material capital, but they help getting profit, consequently at the expenses of changing the course of the securities in the time of speculation, or distinguishing the course in different places of sell and purchasing”. We share wholly such definition, hence it follows that financial investments (if it is not followed by real investments as a result) do not increase real material wealth and real nonmaterial wealth. According to this context, the expression below is very important: “we must distinguish financial investments, which represent placement of the funds in the ways of selling and purchasing the securities for the purpose of getting profit and financial investments, which become cash and real, moved to real physical capital.”

In the “economical course” quoted before long and short-termed investments are separated. Recognizing the existence of the bounds between them, the authors ascribe short-termed investments to “one month or more” investments. If we get such conditioned criteria, that we can call the investments which overcome the terms of some months, long-termed ones, which is very doubtful and we don’t agree with it. A long-termed character of the fund placement is a significant feature of the investments (short-term doesn’t combine with the concept of investments). Principally, it would be better to point out quick compensative, middle termed compensative and long-termed compensative investments:

-          less then 6 months – quick compensative;

-          from 6 months up to the year and a half – middle termed compensative;

-          more then the year and a half – long termed compensative.

We stopped at the definition of the investments in the capital work “economical course” for the special purpose, as, in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investments systemically and quite completely, herewith the book is published just now.

We’ll return to the discussion the definition economical category of “investments” in different publications in the following chapter. The definitions given here are quite enough for having a notion of the level of lighting up the given category in the economical literature.

What conclusions may be made according the definition of the mentioned economical category in the published works, except the made notions and specifications?

There is quite deeply, concretely and thoroughly defined the concept of “investments”, different definitions in the economical literature; but mostly in every works about the investments discussed by us until now, there is not opened the essence of investments as an economical category. In every monograph, even if it has a title investment, as an economical category, there is given only the definition, concept of investments. But, as the Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a discussion, which proves something about the distinguishing feature of the researched object. A concept out of much essential characteristic features represents only one, and essential in it is only – definition”.

But the categories are much wider; it is “a key, the most fundamental concept of every science”. Economical categories theoretically represent real, objectively existed productive relations. A category is the defining of occasions of existed characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by the categories, which give opportunities for dividing the processes and occasions semantically, for expressing the definitions of a subject and realize their specific peculiarities and economical relations of a material world.

Our goal is exactly to substantiate investments – as an economical category and also, as a financial category in the narrow understanding.

Here we apply for another manual thesis made by the academician Vasil Chantladze: “every financial relation is an economical one and every financial category is and economical one, but not every economical relation and economical category is financial relation and financial category”.

In the process of defining the investments, it is important to take in mind the sides of resources, expenses and incomes, because investment, from one side, is the result of the manufacture’s activity, and, from another one, – a part of income, which, in this case, is not used for usage.

Another occasion: it is advisable to discuss investments in two aspects: as a category of reserve and flow, which will reflect exactly the connection between “placement of funds” and “investments”.

As we’ve mentioned above, not long ago, in the well-known Soviet literature the concepts of “the placement of funds” and “investments” were accepted to be the synonyms and concerned to be investment of sources for further production of the main funds and formation of the turnover funds. We meet with such understanding of the concept of “investment” (here, they separate three types of the investment expenses: investments in the basic capital of investments, investments in the house building and investments in the reserves) in the modern economical publications and it is mostly used on the macro level during a statistical analyze of economical processes. In this concrete occasion investment is the category of reserve.

According to the aspect of flow the investments may be discussed in the process of analyzing industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of the economical relations related with the investments’ further production and formation, sources, objects and subjects, that is on the micro level.

Main distinguishing criteria of different methods of approach towards the concept of “investment” the aspect of prolonging of measuring this showing. Is it possible or not to measure the investment showing separate from the term factor (the norm of gathering, the volume of capital property, the reserves of production and so on). If it is possible, then it is the category of reserve, and if it is not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category of flow.

Thus, investment, as an economical category, is quite consuming concept. It concerns the elements defining the regularities of function and regulation of the investment domain, privately:

First, resources and values put into the industrial activity. Here, investments may be realized in the following ways:

1.      mobile and real estates (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);

2.      cash sources, purposeful bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-termed securities;

3.      owners rights according to the author’s rights, licenses, Now-How, experience and other intellectual values;

4.      the rights for using land and other natural resources, also other owners rights.

Notwithstanding any forms, investments are results of capital gathering. Leading investments – regularity of gathering defines its volume and dynamics and, generally, whole investment activity.

Second, the incomes ruling volume and dynamics of the resource investment. Herewith, we must underline the circumstance, that the process of getting profit, the regularity of its creation, isn’t a constant of the concept “investment”. The factors of production (also the conditions of exploitation of capital values) and selling (market conjuncture), also the process of capital gathering is the leading and important condition only for the investment formation. Though, we underline again, that the process of getting and distributing the income is a significant component of the investment activity.

The transformation of investments makes the basis for the investment activity, which concern the following circles: resources – investment (expense) – capital property – income. The practice of realization such circles of the investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investing). The investment activity, except the investments itself, concern motivation and stimulation of the capital gathering, relations of capital gathering and ruling, also, totality of the defined level of profitability on the capital and the goals of capital growth.

According to the mentioned above, in the definitions of the investment as economical category sometimes the needed exactness and clearness is not felt, some categories of the wealth are represented tightly enough. For example, real prosperity is bounded only by material estimation. This leads us to the unvalued investment resources in the era of transformation industrial society into the investment one; also to the recognition of yet uninvolved valuable scientific researches in the production, securities turned into speculation objects, and unreal property in the consistence of one and the same parts; to there equalization. On the basis of the made analyses, we can cite a wide definition of the investments together with the leading categories.

Investment resources – are values, invested into this or that project in this or that kind for the purpose of getting profit beginning with material ones, finished with cash.

Kinds of the prosperity are equal to the kinds of the investment resources and is divided into real and cash, consequently into financial resources.

Real investment resources concern all kinds:

-          natural resources;

-          labour resources;

-          material resources, the usage of which is possible in the economical development (buildings, constructions, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication means and so on;

-          investment resources (in the widest understanding, that is from scientific-research and experimental-construction works, till the education potential of the society and till all kinds of gathering useful information, written about every possible, that is typing and electronic bearer).

Cash, consequently financial resources concern every cash means for usage in this way in definite conditions or directed in the sort of investments.

Cash means (resources) turn into the financial resources in the case of structuring of funds of purposeful destination foreseen for investments of this or that kind.

After defining investment resources we can make wide definition of the investments as economical category.

Investments – are the placements of real, financial and intellectual resources into the projects, the fulfillment of which leads us to getting the increases from real wealth, in the material and informational forms. It is followed by a cash (financial) prosperity or its increases (at the expenses of the distribution of the cash means).

As an economical category, investments express economical relations, which are created in the ways of using and formation of the investment resources between the participants of the investment process for the purpose of improving and widening of the enterprise.

Bad credit borrowers have seen an expansion in the availability of loan products they can now apply for. With the widespread expansion of independent loan brokers and online loan specialists, competition has reached an all time high for car credit business. This increased competition has caused many lenders to focus on offering products to borrowers who have bad credit on their record. Secured loans, such as homes and cars, usually offer the best rates and terms for bad credit borrowers as the collateral offered by the borrower serves as security to the lender. Bad credit car finance rates are obviously not quite as enticing as the 7 to 8 per cent rates commonly obtained by good credit borrowers, but they are definitely better than ever before. As importantly, they are more available. Some loan brokers promote a 90 per cent or so acceptance rate for bad credit customers.

For along time, car customers have been somewhat at the mercy of high cost car dealer financing. Some borrowers were unaware that they could explore other loan options. Many believed they were required to accept dealer loans to purchase their cars. Others just lacked knowledge of the broader loan market. Greater knowledge and wider selection is more prevalent in today’s finance market because of the expansion of brokers and online motor loan specialists. Anyone can now go on a specialist web site, enter some basic background details, and have the broker search their vast provider network for the best products and rates.

Because of the depth of financing competition, many lenders have begun to focus on bad credit car finance as a way to grow their business. Bad credit borrowers can get rates in the 10 to 15 per cent range, at times, depending on just how bad their credit troubles. Borrower who have faced County Court Judgments (CCJs), arrears, or defaults are even finding loan products designed for them. This has given many people hope for financial stability that was previously unavailable to them. Independent brokers are able to efficiently narrow down bad credit car finance products based on consumer information. This helps make the search process efficient and helps borrower know what interest rates they can obtain. The ability to work with loan brokers before visiting the car dealership is a huge advantage for borrowers. Bad credit borrowers are no longer at the mercy of dealer financing that either cost high amounts of interest, or resulted in repossession of the auto in the event of non-repayment. Car buyers are more equipped than ever when they begin looking for their new or used car.

Consumers need to protect their credit by avoiding the pitfalls of court judgments or bad credit. However, for those that cannot go back in time, bad credit car finance offers a more manageable motor debt solution. Car buyers can now focus on negotiating a car dealer without the pressure of taking on expensive debt. This makes the potential for finding a great car value much greater.

Five proactive steps a business can take to beat the credit squeeze including business finance, planning and taking a positive approach to meeting and solving the problems that might arise.

The credit squeeze is a fact of business life and is not just about money but confidence in the market too. There are always winners and losers in every business situation and confidence and business finance can beat the credit crunch.

1. Ensure the bookkeeping and financial accounts of the business are up to date.

Keeping the accounting records up to date is an essential first step to ensuring the business owner knows exactly where the business stands. Reviewing recent financial performance and taking positive action to increase sales and margins where possible and control costs by eliminating waste protects the business from surprises and downturns.

By having available the recent costs, views and action can be taken to reduce those costs and in some circumstances to increase business costs where the profit potential is highest. For example a detailed examination of advertising and promotion costs may indicate some campaigns should be reduced while the money saved invested in better performing areas.

Not all sales produce the same profit for the business. By concentrating efforts on the highest profit margin products and services the effect on working capital can be reduced which can take the pressure off working capital funding.

2. Preparing a realistic business plan can help the business plan ahead.

Many small businesses prepare a business plan when starting up especially if government grants or business finance is to be applied for. Failing to prepare an updated business plan during a credit squeeze can be a plan to fail.

During a credit squeeze a business can find itself operating in an unstable market where the rules and actions of the past might not be evident in the future. Banks increase the cost of borrowing, customers save money by leaving the market and sometimes failing to pay or at least taking longer. Suppliers tighten their grip by increasing prices and demanding tighter payment periods.

Business takes steps to protect income, cash flow, liquidity and in extreme cases survival. That is why failing to meet these new challenges is a plan to fail.

Prepare a business plan on the basis of the recent history and extend the financial results forward following the recent trends. Input into the financial forecast the opportunities that can be exploited to increase business and take a realistic view of the potential negative factors that may be suffered.

The business plan should include both a written view of the next twelve months ahead and include a profit and loss account reflecting the optimistic view and the most negative view with contingency plans should the worse scenario become a fact. A cash flow statement calculated from the business plan to show the effects on liquidity is a vital tool.

3. Improve financial flexibility to increase the business finance options.

Arrange the business finances with more than one bank and increase the number of financing options. A single bank may not offer the size of overdraft or loan facilities or the competitive rates the business requires. View the financial market as a competition between suppliers for your business finance and utilise several to spread the finance between them.

By maximising financial flexibility options for bank accounts, loans and overdrafts and financing asset purchases the effect on business progress can be minimised. Consider leasing agreements, invoice factoring and other specialist financial institutions in addition to the main bank account provider. Cash flow and working capital requirements are crucial.

4. Go out and get more sales.

When sales go down it is easy to become depressed. Fight it and remember how the business obtained new sales channels and customers in the past and exploit the opportunities in the future. Focus on the unique selling points of the business and its products and revitalise campaigns to increase sales.

Consider sales and product diversification into both related and other areas. There are always new opportunities including new products and markets, selling existing products to a wider audience including increased geographical presence. It may help to list all sales activities in sales channels and look for more sales channels in which they company can operate.

5. Ask for professional advice and assistance.

Increase the level of communication with each professional advisor including accountants, financial advisors, solicitors, bank managers and business advisors and any managers of financial institutions. The more the merrier and by keeping in touch more opportunities and more favourable responses will be possible.

There is no such thing as a silly question when the future of the business and its employees are at risk. Discussing options with a variety of professional advisors increases those options and if increased business finance is required for growth or survival in the future, the higher level of personal dialogue will ease that route forward.

Dealers typically sell your contract to an assignee, such as a bank, loan company or credit union. Compare current rates being offered by contacting various banks, credit unions or other lenders. Errors or accurate negative information can impact your ability to get credit or your rate. Determine how much you can afford to spend on a monthly payment. Negotiate your loan or lease arrangements and terms. Compare annual percentage rates and financing terms from multiple sources such as a bank and credit union. Be aware that your credit history may affect the rate you are able to negotiate. A longer term contract may mean smaller monthly payments than a shorter term contract, but will result in more money paid over time on your contract. Examples of less favorable terms include higher charges or less money than you requested.

The law protects you when you deal with any creditor who regularly extends credit, including banks and small loan companies, retail and department stores, credit card companies, and credit unions. Regulated by the Swiss Federal Department of Finance, it has been providing unbeatable 24 hour online currency trading execution since 2002.Financial consultants will help you properly handle your finances. If you find your in a poor state consider getting the advice of a financial consultant. Be it any personal requirement or any professional financial need, with these loans you can arrange a meeting all these requirements. Numerous financial institutions and banks offer secured loans for homeowners. By attending one of his Wealth Builders Program, one can have a better plan and picture for his life.

Whatever method you choose, it is always good to pay the loan off very quickly because the charges can add up over time. People can also pay off the loan fee and a portion of the principle before it is due. Yahoo Finance contains the most updated information on the net. If you want to start investing and want to learn the basics about planning and stock market, the category of Investment References and Guides on Yahoo Finance directory can be a great help to you. Most banks can offer a wide variety of loan packages designed to expansion of an already existing small business. An example of this would be the expansion of small business with a proven track record. We never know from day to day how our finances will be affected. Any of these situations could easily bring your life to a standstill and it can only get worse if you do not have the necessary finances to pay for such needs.

Be disciplined about your finances and focus on paying of the smallest debts. Home equity lines of credit that used to help expenses are now in big danger. Specialized web sites offer the possibility of getting online undergraduate degrees such as bachelor of business, administration, management, human resources, criminal justice, finance or international relations. While this asset can in theory be anything you own, in practice the only thing of value that most people can secure their loan against is their home. Without close monitoring of budgets , the firm may find it experiencing cash flow problems. However, there should be sincerity on the part of the company or else trust will be destroyed and that would really hurt. Take control of your finances as much as possible. By the time the child comes of age or first gets involved, they might find that they have years and years of identity reclamation ahead of them.

All of the costs, whether closing costs or interest, are financed. Now all of the properties on one large loan and have their personal credit clean to obtain the best available financing for future purchases. The International finance Group, a member of the World Bank Group has become a partner with an investment of 160 million, raising the total capital to 660 million. If you are planning on buying a new car, be aware that the financing obtained by the dealer, even if the dealer contacts financial institutions on your behalf will not be the best bargain you can get. When home buyers are looking for a new mortgage, or going to refinance an existing one, they typically pay close attention to the interest rate associated with it. If you have a modular home that you want to refinance, talk to several mortgage companies in your area. What you need to do to refinance depends on the type of loan you already have on your home.

Buying a car online i.e. on the internet is getting very popular nowadays. Online car buying saves one a lot of time, energy and money. Vast information about different car models and their prices can be accessed online, without having to rush from one car dealer to another to see different car models. The majority of individuals don’t realize that up to what extent the economy has affected the average employee. Individuals who used to have superior credit now fight back to make monthly payments because of a lack of employment.

Large amount individuals have had their credit rating depressingly affected through the economic recession. This has made it tough for millions of individuals to avail various loans to gain Car Loans for Bad Credit. Bad credit car loan is a lot more complicated to obtain approval for today compared to a few years ago. If you’re interested in availing any kind of loan standard there are some things, which you need to carry out and make sure you get, approve.

Perhaps the first thing anybody who is in the hunt for a loan need to do is apply for a credit report. By having glance at your credit score, you could see how good or bad your ratings are. If you’re having from a low rating you should take firm steps to get better your attractiveness to potential lenders. Paying down your debt is a superior way to progress your credit. Reducing your debt would get better your attractiveness for various lenders, which are available. Having a better rating would mean that you acquire access to lower rate of interest and larger loans.

An additional benefit to repaying your debts is the upgrading it would have to your debt to income percentage. The debt to income ratio is made use of by number of lenders to decide whether or not a borrower is eligible to gain a loan approved. Availing bad credit auto loan financing is much essential for individuals looking to buy a car. Looking for the right lender would ensure that you search out the best rate of interest on your loan application. If you’re interested in getting bad credit auto loan financing it is essential to search the precise lender and ask auto loan quote. Carrying out a complete search of the different auto loan lenders would give you a good estimation of what lenders are available.

One needs to get accurate information about the car dealer, the car model, its price and features before taking a decision. Facts about the vehicle’s safety, mileage, and maintenance costs also should be carefully considered. The car dealer from whom the car is being bought, should have a good reputation in the market, and should be an authorized dealer. Credit unions, Banks as well as other regular monetary organization, might reject a credit application from an individual having absolute no credit, and will not approve a car loan with no credit. One may not be able to buy a fancy car with bad credit, but can buy a cheap car that fits in your budget.